Scátháin na bhflatha

Is genre teagaisc iad Scátháin na bhflatha^[1] (Laidin: specula principum), scríofa le linn na meánaoise agus an Renaissance. Is cuid iad de genre níos leithne, Litríochta Speculi.

Feictear is minice iad mar théacsleabhair a thugann teagasc go díreach do ríthe nó rialtóirí eile, ar ghnéithe áirithe rialachais agus iompair, le samplaí i gcomhair nó aithrise nó seachanta. Cumadh iad go minic agus rí nua, idir óg agus/nó ar bheagán taithí, ag teacht i réim.^[2]

Scríobhadh an saothar is luaite den chineál seo ag Sedulius Scottus (beo 840–860), an file Éireannach a mheastar a chum an dán gluaise, Pangur Bán (9ú haois). Is é An Prionsa (c. 1513) le Niccolò Machiavelli, an sampla is mó le rá, cé nach tipiciúil go leor é is féidir a rá.

Téacsanna clasaiceacha

Gréagacha agus Rómhánacha

Xenophon, Cyropaedia
Isocrates, Do Nicocles agus Evagoras
Philodemus, An Rí Maith dar le Homer
Dio Chrysostom, An Chéad Dioscúrsa ar Ríogacht srl.
Seneca, De Clementia
Cicero, De Officiis
Eusebius, Vita Constantini, scáthán na bhflatha, b'fhéidir, ach pléitear fós a genre cruinn, lucht spéise agus cuspóir.

Indiacha

Vishnu Sharma, Panchatantra
Chanakya, Arthashastra

Síneacha

Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu. D'fhéadfadh a rá gurb é téacs mistiúlachta, téacs fealsúnachta, nó dréacht ar ríogacht)
Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian nó Teagasc Cuimsitheach i gcomhair Rialachais
Mencius. Faightear ann plé leis na Talmhaithe, an chéad ghrúpa sóisialach a mhol sochaí gan aicmí
Han Fei Zi. Teagasc dleathaíochta agus ceird ríogachta.

Téacsanna Iarthar na hEorpa

Luathmheánaois

Agaistín Hippo, De civitate Dei, iml. 24, "The true felicity of Christian Emperors."
Gréagóir Tours, History of the Franks, a thabhairt rabhadh ina éadan aighneas cathartha.
De duodecim abusivis saeculi, (7ú haois), dréacht Laidin na hÉireann le húdar Éireannach anaithnid, luaite scaití mar Pseudo-Cyprian. Cé nach 'scáthán na bhFlatha' é per se, bhí tionchar mór aige ar fhorbairt an genre ar an mór-roinn.
Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, a deir go sonrach gurb é cuspóir staidéar staire ná samplaí aithrise nó seachanta a chur in úil.

Teacsanna Cairilínseacha:

Smaragdus Saint-Mihiel, Via regia (813), d'fhéadfaí a rá gurb é an chéad fíor scáthán na bhflatha, tiomnaithe do Louis Diaganta, agus é ina rí Aquitania.
Einhard, Vita Karoli, a thugann meas an domhain ar réimeas Charlemagne mar mhianaidhm do rialoirí eile
Jonas Orléans, De Institutione Regia (c. 831), scríofa do Pepin I Aquitaine, is amhlaidh coimisiúnaithe ag comhairle ag Orléans.^[3]
Agobard Lyons, a litreacha.
Sedulius Scottus, De rectoribus christianis (c. 855-9), curtha ar rí Lothar II Lotharingia.
Hincmar of Reims, De regis persona
Hincmar of Reims, De ordine palatii (882), a leagan dualgais mhorálta an rí amach agus chuir síos ar eagrú páláis.
Jonas of Orléans, De Institutione Laicali (818 x 828), scríofa do Matfrid Orléans.
Paulinus Aquileia, Liber exhortationis (795), scríofa do Heiric Friuli.
Alcuin, De virtutibus et vitiis (c. 799–800), scríofa do Wido na Briotáine.
Dhuoda, Liber manualis, scríofa dá mac, William.

Téacsanna Éireannacha

De duodecim abusivis saeculi, féach thuas. Is pearsana seanscéalacha iad á dteagasc sa saothar seo.
Audacht Morainn, scríofa c. 700 as Sean-Ghaeilge, réamhtheachtaí 'scátháin na bhflatha'.^[4] Deirtear gur chuir an breitheamh eagnaí, Morann, comhairle chuig Feradach Finnfechtnach agus é ar tí éirí ina rí na Teamhrach.^[5]
Tecosca Cormaic, ina múineann Cormac mac Airt a mhac Cairbre Lifechair in ábhair éagsúla.
Bríatharthecosc Con Culainn^[6] (Cú Chulainn) (le fáil mar chuid de Serglige Con Culainn), curtha ar Lugaid Réoderg.
Tecosc Cuscraid^[7]
Senbríathra Fithail^[8]
Briathra Flainn Fína^[9]^[10] (Flann Fína)

Meánaois déanach

Stephen I na hUngáire, Admonitions (1010s), scríofa dá mhac agus rídhamhna, Naomh Emeric.
John Salisbury, Policraticus, The Statesman's Book (1159).
Godfrey Viterbo, Speculum regum (c. 1183), tiomnaithe dá phatrúin Staufer, athair Frederick Barbarossa agus mac, Anraí VI.
Pseudo-Plutarch, Institutio Traiani (luaite sin chéad uair riamh in Policraticus le John of Salisbury).
Gerald na Breataine Bige, Liber de principis instructione (c. 1193) agus De instructione principis.
Konungs skuggsjá nó Speculum regale, (c. 1250) dréacht Lochlannach scríofa don rí Magnús lagabœtir.
Vincent Beauvais, De eruditione filiorum nobilium (c. 1250).
Vincent de Beauvais, De morali principis institutione (c. 1262), scríofa is dóigh do Louis IX na Fraince^[11]^[12]
Guibert Tournai, De modo addiscendi (c. 1260).
Guibert Tournai, Eruditio regum et principum (1259), scríofa do Louis IX na Fraince.^[13]
Thomas Aquinas, De regno (c. 1260), curtha go minic le De regimine principum le Ptolemy Lucca
William Peraldus, De eruditione principum (c. 1265), luaite tráth le Thomas Aquinas.
Brunetto Latini, Li livres dou trésor (1266), scríofa do Charles d'Anjou.
Giles of Rome, De regimine principum (c. 1278), scríofa do Philip the Fair.
William of Pagula, Speculum regis, scríofa do Éadbhard III Shasana (c. 1331).
Don Juan Manuel, Tales of Count Lucanor (1335).
Alvarus Pelagius, Speculum regum (1340s), scríofa do Alfonso XI de Castile.^[14]
Um styrilsi kununga ok höfþinga (1350s), seantráchtas na Sualainne
The III Consideracions Right Necesserye to the Good Governaunce of a Prince (c. 1350), aistriúchán de thráchtas Fraincis ón mbliain 1347, ceaptha d'Eoin II na Fraince.^[15]
Evrart de Trémaugon, Le songe du verger (1376).
Christine de Pizan, Epistre Othea a Hector (c. 1400), Livre du corps de policie (1407), Livre de la paix (idir 1412 agus 1414).
Thomas Hoccleve, De regimine principum (luath-1410í) scríofa do Anraí V Shasana.
John of Ireland, The Meroure of Wysedome, (1490) scríofa do Séamas IV Alba.

Renaissance

John Skelton, Speculum principis (1501), saothar anois caillte scríofa don rí Anraí VIII le teacht. Tá leagan éigin den tráchtas i Músaem na Breataine.^[16]
Erasmus, Institutio principis Christiani (1516), scríofa do Rí Séarlas na Spáinne.
Thomas More, Utopia (1516), scríofa do Anraí VIII
Martin Luther. On Secular Authority (1523), litir tiomnaithe do John, Toghthóir na Sacsaine
Baldassare Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier (1528), bunaithe ar a chuid taithí i gcúirteanna Urbino.
Antonio de Guevara, Relox de príncipes (1529), spreagtha ag agus tiomnaithe do Shéarlas V, sárdhíola ina ré féin, aistrithe go during the 16th Century to Béarla, Laidin, Iodáilis, Gearmáinis, Fraincis agus Ollannais.
Machiavelli, Il Principe (c. 1513, foilsithe 1532).
George Buchanan, De iure regni apud Scotos (1579), agallamh Sócraitéach ar ríogacht gan locht, tiomnaithe don rí óg, Séamas VI Alban.
Giovanni Botero, The Reason of State (1589), cáineadh ar An Prionsa le Machiavelli.
Johann Damgaard, Alithia (1597), scríofa do rí óg na Danmhairge Christian IV.^[17]
Juan de Mariana, De rege et regis institutione (Toledo, 1598); aistrithe go Béarla le George Albert Moore, Country Dollar Press (1948).
Séamas VI Alban, Basilikon Doron (1599) scríofa dá mhac is sine.
Hugo Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (1625) tiomnaithe do Louis XIII na Fraince
John Gauden, Eikon Basilike (1649) foilsithe tar éis do baineadh a cheann de Shéarlas I Shasana

Enlightenment

Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (1709) tiomnaithe do Louis XV na Fraince le teacht.
Frederick II of Prussia, Anti-Machiavel (1740) léirmheas ar An Prionsa le Machiavelli.

Téacsanna Biosántacha

Synesius, easpag Cyrene, De regno, óráid ráite le himpire Arcadius.
Agapetu deacon, óráid ráite le himpire Justinian I.
Patrarc Photios I Chathair Chonstaintín, litir do Boris I na Bulgáire.
Basil I Macadóine, dá mhac Leo VI Eagnaí
Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, De Administrando Imperio, teagasc ar polasaí intíre agus eachtrannach dá mhac agus chomharba, impire Romanos II.
Kekaumenos, Strategikon (1075/1078), an dá alt deireanacha ach go háirithe.
Ardeaspag Theophylact Ohrid, Paideia Basilike (Laidin Institutio Regia) (c. 1088), dá dhalta Constaintín mac an Impire Michael VII Doukas.
Spaneas nó Didaskalia Parainetike, dán de chuid na 12ú haoise bunaithe ar Ad Demonicum as Isocratea.
Nikephoros Blemmydes, Andrias Basilikos (Laidin. Regia statua), scríofa do Theodore II Laskaris, rídhamhna Nicaea
Thomas Magistros, La regalita.
Manuel II Palaiologos, Paideia Regia.
Patrarc Antony IV Cathair Chonstaintín, letter to Vasily I Moscó (1393).
Poucheniye (teagasc) Vladmir Monomakh dá chlann (1120í).

Téacsanna Peirseacha Réamh-Ioslamacha

Ewen-Nāmag (“Leabhar Rialacha”): Ar mhodhanna, nósanna, skills, ealaíona, eolaíochtaí, srl. na Sasanach
Tāj-Nāmag (“Leabhar na Corónach”)
Kalilag ud Damanag: aistriúchán Meán-Pheirsise de Panchatantra as an India.
Jāvidan Khrad ("Eagnaíocht Neamhbhásmhar")
Litríocht Andarz.

Téacsanna Ioslamacha

Ibn Arabi, (At-Tadbidrat al-ilahiyyah fi islah al-mamlakat al-insaniyyah (Rialachas Diaga don Ríocht Daonna)
Abd al-Hamid al-Katib, litir d'Abdallah mac an chailif Umayyad, Marwan II (c. 750)
Ibn al-Muqaffa, Kalila wa Dimna (c. 750)
Abu Yahya ibn al-Batriq (d. 815) Sirr al-Asrar (سر الأسرار) 'Secretum Secretorum'
Al-Farabi (c. 872–950), Fusul al-Madani (Seanráite Státóra)^[18]
Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi (981–1027), Kitab fi'l-si'yasa^[19]
Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik (beo 1053, Damascus), مختار الحكم ومحاسن الكلم Mukhtār al-Hikam wa-Maḥāsin al-Kalim (Natháin agus Seanráite Áirithe)
Nizam al-Mulk, Siyāset-nāmeh, (Leabhar Rialachais) (c. 1090) (Peirsis)
Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), Nasihat al-muluk (Comhairle do Thiarnaí) (Peirsis)
Qabus nama (1082) (Peirsis)
Al-Imam al-Hadrami (bás 1095), Kitâb al-Ishâra
Yusuf Balasaghuni, Kutadgu Bilig (11ú haois)
At-Turtushi, Siraj al-Muluk (Lampa Ríthe) (c. 1121)
Ibn Ẓafar al-Ṣiqillī, Sulwan al-Muta' fi 'udwan al-atba (Sólás don Rí le linn Naimhdeas Géillsineach)^[20]
Bahr Al-Fava'id (Muir Shuáilcí), tiomsaithe sa 12ú haois.^[21]
Muhammad al-Baqir Najm-I Sani, Mau‘izah-i Jahangiri (Foláireamh Jahāngír nó Comhairle ar Cheird an Rialachais) (1612-1613).^[22]
Saadi, Gulistan Sa'di, chéad alt ar "Nósanna ríthe" (13ú haois, Peirsis).
Hussain Vaiz Kashifi, Aklhaq i Muhsini (Peirsis, AH 900/AD 1495).

Téacsanna Slavacha

Neagoe Basarab (1512–1521), Teagaisc Neagoe Basarab dá mhac Theodosie, ar cheann deana chéad saothair liteartha as Wallachia

Féach freisin

Foinsí

Anton, H.H. Fürstenspiegel und Herrscherethos in der Karolingerzeit. Bonner Historische Forschungen 32. Bonn, 1968.
— Fürstenspiegel (Königsspiegel) des frühen und hohen Mittelalters Ein Editionsprojekt an der Universität Trier
Finotti, Fabio (eag.), I volti del principe. Venezia: Marsilio, 2018.
Handy, Amber. The Specula principum in northwestern Europe, A.D. 650-900 : the evolution of a new ethical rule. Thesis (Ph. D.), University of Notre Dame, 2011. Dátarochtana 17ú Bealtaine, 2015. Online thesis
Konstantinos D.S. Paidas, He thematike ton byzantinon "katoptron hegemonos" tes proimes kai meses Byzantines periodoy(398-1085). Symbole sten politike theoria ton Byzantinon, Athens 2005.
—, Tá byzantina "katoptra hegemonos" tes ysteres periodoy (1254–1403). Ekfraseis toy byzantinoy basilikou ideodous, Athens 2006.
Lambton, Ann K.S. Islamic Mirrors for Princes. In: eadem, Theory and Practice in Medieval Persian Government. Londain. 1980. VI: 419–442.
Smith, Roland M. The Speculum Principum in Early Irish Literature. Speculum 2 (1927): 411–45.

Tagairtí

↑ ““scátháin na bhflatha” | téarma.ie”. Téarma.ie: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge. An Coiste Téarmaíochta. Dáta rochtana: 2024-09-21.
↑ "Revitalising Leadership: Putting Theory and Practice into Context" (2017). Routledge. “Monarchy was then the most common form of governance in Europe, and the truth about leadership could be found in a genre of books known as 'mirrors for princes'”
↑ A. Dubreucq (esg.), Jonas d'Orléans, Le métier du roi (De institutione regia). Sources Chrétiennes 407. Páras, 1995, ll. 45–9.
↑ Rob Meens. "Politics, mirrors of princes and the Bible: sins, kings and the well-being of the realm." Early Medieval Europe 7.3 (1998): 352
↑ "Audacht Morainn" .
↑ Bríatharthecosc Con Culainn ar CODECS
↑ Tecosc Cuscraid ar CODECS
↑ Senbríathra Fíthail ar CODECS
↑ "Old Irish Wisdom Attributed to Aldfrith of Northumbria: An Edition of Bríathra Flainn Fhína Maic Ossu" (1999).
↑ Bríathra Flainn Fhína (maic Ossu) ar CODECS
↑ Vincent de Beauvais (1995). "De morali principis institutione". Turnhout: Brepols.
↑ Schneider, Robert J. (Eanáir 1991). "The Medieval Circulation of the De morali principis institutione of Vincent of Beauvais". Viator 22: 189–228. doi:10.1484/j.viator.2.301322. ISSN 0083-5897.
↑ Guibert de Tournai (1914). "Le traité Eruditio regum et principum de Guibert de Tournai : étude critique et texte inédit".
↑ M. Pinto de Mencses (ed.). Espelho dos Reis por Alvaro Pais. Lisbon, 1955.
↑ Jean-Philippe Genet (eag.). Four English Political Tracts of the Later Middle Ages Camden Society, 4ú mír. 18 (1977). 177-9.
↑ Salter, F.M. "Skelton's Speculum Principis" Speculum 9 (1934): 25–37
↑ Olden-Jørgensen, Sebastian (eag.). Alithia. Et dansk fyrstespejl til Christian IV. UJDS-Studier 14. Copenhagen, 2003.
↑ Dunlop, D.M. (aistr.). Fusul al-Madani: Aphorisms of the Statesman. University of Cambridge Oriental Publications. Cambridge, 1961.
↑ Bosworth, C. E. (1998). "al-Maghribī, al-Ḥusayn ibnʿAlī". In Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, Volume 2: L–Z, Chronological Tables, Index. Routledge. p. 488. ISBN 0-415-18572-6.
↑ Michele Amari (1852), Solwān; or Waters Of Comfort by Ibn Zafer, iml. 1, iml. 2
↑ Meisami, Julie Scott (aistr.). Sea of Precious Virtues. Salt Lake City, 1991.
↑ Sajida Sultana Alvi. Advice on the art of governance. An Indo-Islamic Mirror for Princes. State University of New York Press. 1989.

[Tearma-1] ““scátháin na bhflatha” | téarma.ie”. Téarma.ie: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge. An Coiste Téarmaíochta. Dáta rochtana: 2024-09-21.

[2] "Revitalising Leadership: Putting Theory and Practice into Context" (2017). Routledge. “Monarchy was then the most common form of governance in Europe, and the truth about leadership could be found in a genre of books known as 'mirrors for princes'”

[3] A. Dubreucq (esg.), Jonas d'Orléans, Le métier du roi (De institutione regia). Sources Chrétiennes 407. Páras, 1995, ll. 45–9.

[4] Rob Meens. "Politics, mirrors of princes and the Bible: sins, kings and the well-being of the realm." Early Medieval Europe 7.3 (1998): 352

[5] "Audacht Morainn" .

[6] Bríatharthecosc Con Culainn ar CODECS

[7] Tecosc Cuscraid ar CODECS

[8] Senbríathra Fíthail ar CODECS

[9] "Old Irish Wisdom Attributed to Aldfrith of Northumbria: An Edition of Bríathra Flainn Fhína Maic Ossu" (1999).

[10] Bríathra Flainn Fhína (maic Ossu) ar CODECS

[11] Vincent de Beauvais (1995). "De morali principis institutione". Turnhout: Brepols.

[12] Schneider, Robert J. (Eanáir 1991). "The Medieval Circulation of the De morali principis institutione of Vincent of Beauvais". Viator 22: 189–228. doi:10.1484/j.viator.2.301322. ISSN 0083-5897.

[13] Guibert de Tournai (1914). "Le traité Eruditio regum et principum de Guibert de Tournai : étude critique et texte inédit".

[14] M. Pinto de Mencses (ed.). Espelho dos Reis por Alvaro Pais. Lisbon, 1955.

[15] Jean-Philippe Genet (eag.). Four English Political Tracts of the Later Middle Ages Camden Society, 4ú mír. 18 (1977). 177-9.

[16] Salter, F.M. "Skelton's Speculum Principis" Speculum 9 (1934): 25–37

[17] Olden-Jørgensen, Sebastian (eag.). Alithia. Et dansk fyrstespejl til Christian IV. UJDS-Studier 14. Copenhagen, 2003.

[18] Dunlop, D.M. (aistr.). Fusul al-Madani: Aphorisms of the Statesman. University of Cambridge Oriental Publications. Cambridge, 1961.

[19] Bosworth, C. E. (1998). "al-Maghribī, al-Ḥusayn ibnʿAlī". In Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, Volume 2: L–Z, Chronological Tables, Index. Routledge. p. 488. ISBN 0-415-18572-6.

[20] Michele Amari (1852), Solwān; or Waters Of Comfort by Ibn Zafer, iml. 1, iml. 2

[21] Meisami, Julie Scott (aistr.). Sea of Precious Virtues. Salt Lake City, 1991.

[22] Sajida Sultana Alvi. Advice on the art of governance. An Indo-Islamic Mirror for Princes. State University of New York Press. 1989.

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