Spermatophyta

Spermatophyta
Spermatophytes
	; Dicentra spectabilis
Tacsanomaíocht
Ríocht	Plantae
Foroinn	Spermatophytes ;

Is éard is planda síl nó spermatophyte (go litriúil; 'planda síl';^[1] ón tSean-Ghréigis σπέρματος (spérmatos) 'síol',^[2] agus φυτόν (phytón) 'planda'),^[3] ar a dtugtar freisin fanaragam (tacsan Phanerogamae),^[4] ná aon phlanda soithíoch a tháirgeann síolta.^[5] Is catagóir d'Embryophyta (.i. planda talún)^[6] é a chuimsíonn an chuid is mó de na plandaí talún coitianta, lena n-áirítear na hAngiospermae (.i. plandaí bláthanna) agus na Gymnosperme (ga.gimnispeirm),^[6] ach ní na raithnigh, caonaigh nó algaí.^[7]

Díorthaítear an téarma fanaragam nó phanerogamae ón tSean-Ghréigis φανερός (phanerós), a chiallaíonn "infheicthe",^[9] i gcodarsnacht leis an téarma "cryptogam" nó "cryptogamae" ón tSean-Ghréigis κρυπτός (kruptós) 'i bhfolach'),^[10] mar aon leis an iarmhír γαμέω (gaméō)γω (gaméō), "pósadh".^[11] Déanann na téarmaí seo idirdhealú idir na plandaí sin a bhfuil orgáin ghnéis fholaithe acu (cryptogamae)^[12] uathu siúd a bhfuil cinn infheicthe acu (phanerogamae).^[13]

Tuairisc

Comhdhéanann na spermatophyta atá ar marthain cúig rannán,^[6] agus aicmítear na chéad cheithre cinn díobh mar Gymnospermae,^[6] plandaí a bhfuil síolfholaithe nó “síolta nocht” acu:^[14]

Cycadophyta - grúpa fothrópaiceach agus trópaiceach de phlandaí^[15]
Ginkgophyta- níl ach speiceas amháin ar marthain, Ginkgo biloba^[16]
Pinophyta - cuimsíonn cónaiféir, crainn a tháirgeann buaircíní (cóin)^[17]
Gnetophyta - cuimsíonn plandaí den 96 speiceas,^[6] grúpáilte faoina trí finte Ephedra (fine Ephedraceae), Gnetum (fine Gnetaceae), agus Welwitschia (fine Welwitschiaceae)^[18]

Is é an cúigiú rannán atá ar marthain ná na hAngiospermae (nó Magnoliophyta.), ar a dtugtar freisin plandaí bláthanna, an grúpa is mó agus is éagsúla de na Spermatophytes:^[6]

Angiospermae - na plandaí bláthanna, tá síolta folaithe i dtorthaí, murab ionann agus gymnosperms.^[19]

Tagairtí

↑ Introduction to the Spermatophytes: The seed plants. (n.d.). University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/seedplants.html
↑ Definition of “spermato-.” (n.d.). Collins Dictionaries. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/spermato
↑ Definition of “phyton.” (n.d.). Collins Dictionaries. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/phyton
↑ subphylum seed plants Spermatophytes. (n.d.). BioLib. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2025764/
↑ seed plant. (n.d.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/spermatophyte
1 2 3 4 5 6 Magallón, S., & Hilu, K. W. (2009). Land plants (Embryophyta). The timetree of life, 133-137.
↑ Pandian, T. J. (2022). Evolution and speciation in plants. CRC Press.
↑ Welwitschia mirabilis. (2025, February 21). Cambridge University Botanic Garden. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/the-garden/plant-list/welwitschia-mirabilis/
↑ Origin and history of phanero-. (n.d.). Etymonline. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/phanero-
↑ Definition of crypto. (n.d.). In Dictionary. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/crypto
↑ Definition of “cryptogam.” (n.d.). Collins Dictionaries. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/cryptogam
↑ Artenschutz Kryptogamen. (n.d.). Landesamt Für Umwelt (LfU). Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.lfu.bayern.de/natur/bayaz/artenschutz_kryptogamen/index.htm
↑ Reichardt, H. W. (1865). Die Sporenpflanzen und ihre Unterschiede von den Samenpflanzen: Vortrag, gahelten am 20. Dezember 1865.
↑ Gymnosperms. (n.d.). The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.conifers.org/zz/gymnosperms.php
↑ Cycadales. (n.d.). The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved February 14, 2026, from https://www.conifers.org/zz/Cycadales.php
↑ Dilgen, T. (n.d.). What the Ginkgo Can Teach Us about an Environmentally Conscious Future. Natural Selections. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://selections.rockefeller.edu/what-the-ginkgo-can-teach-us-about-an-environmentally-conscious-future/
↑ Plant Profile: Conifers. (2025, December 11). Powell Gardens. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://powellgardens.org/plant-profile-conifers/
↑ Gnetales. (n.d.). The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.conifers.org/zz/gnetales.php
↑ angiosperm. (n.d.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm

[UCMP-1] Introduction to the Spermatophytes: The seed plants. (n.d.). University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/seedplants.html

[Collins_Dictionaries_a-2] Definition of “spermato-.” (n.d.). Collins Dictionaries. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/spermato

[Collins_Dictionaries_b-3] Definition of “phyton.” (n.d.). Collins Dictionaries. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/phyton

[BioLib-4] subphylum seed plants Spermatophytes. (n.d.). BioLib. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2025764/

[Encyclopædia_Britannica_a-5] seed plant. (n.d.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/spermatophyte

[Magallón_&_Hilu,_2009-6] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Magallón, S., & Hilu, K. W. (2009). Land plants (Embryophyta). The timetree of life, 133-137.

[Pandian,_2022-7] Pandian, T. J. (2022). Evolution and speciation in plants. CRC Press.

[Cambridge_University_Botanic_Garden,_2025-8] Welwitschia mirabilis. (2025, February 21). Cambridge University Botanic Garden. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/the-garden/plant-list/welwitschia-mirabilis/

[Etymonline-9] Origin and history of phanero-. (n.d.). Etymonline. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/phanero-

[Dictionary-10] Definition of crypto. (n.d.). In Dictionary. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/crypto

[Collins_Dictionaries_c-11] Definition of “cryptogam.” (n.d.). Collins Dictionaries. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/cryptogam

[LfU-12] Artenschutz Kryptogamen. (n.d.). Landesamt Für Umwelt (LfU). Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.lfu.bayern.de/natur/bayaz/artenschutz_kryptogamen/index.htm

[Reichardt,_1865-13] Reichardt, H. W. (1865). Die Sporenpflanzen und ihre Unterschiede von den Samenpflanzen: Vortrag, gahelten am 20. Dezember 1865.

[The_Gymnosperm_Database_a-14] Gymnosperms. (n.d.). The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.conifers.org/zz/gymnosperms.php

[The_Gymnosperm_Database_b-15] Cycadales. (n.d.). The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved February 14, 2026, from https://www.conifers.org/zz/Cycadales.php

[Natural_Selections-16] Dilgen, T. (n.d.). What the Ginkgo Can Teach Us about an Environmentally Conscious Future. Natural Selections. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://selections.rockefeller.edu/what-the-ginkgo-can-teach-us-about-an-environmentally-conscious-future/

[Powell_Gardens,_2025-17] Plant Profile: Conifers. (2025, December 11). Powell Gardens. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://powellgardens.org/plant-profile-conifers/

[The_Gymnosperm_Database_c-18] Gnetales. (n.d.). The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.conifers.org/zz/gnetales.php

[Encyclopædia_Britannica_b-19] sperm. (n.d.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 15, 2026, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm

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