Jump to content

Cíocáid

Ón Vicipéid, an chiclipéid shaor.
WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí BheoCíocáid
Cycadales Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata

Cycas circinalis Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Tacsanomaíocht
RíochtPlantae
AicmeCycadopsida
OrdCycadales Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Bercht. agus J.Presl, 1820
Ainmníocht
Ex taxon author (en) AistrighPers. Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Léarscáil de raon an tacsóin
Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata

Is Gimnispeirm thrópaiceach nó fhothrópaiceach í Cíocáid,[1] cosúil le pailm.[2] De ghnáth, bíonn stoc gan ghéaga air, armúrtha le seanbhunanna duilleog nó hiarmhair cosúil le coilm, le coróin duilleog crua cleiteach air. Iompraítear na bláthanna ar chóin scoite fhireanna is bhaineanna, agus bíonn na cóin bhaineanna an-mhór. Tuigtear gurb iad na gimnispeirmeacha na plandaí síl beo is ársa atá ann, a tháinig chun cinn go déanach sa ré Phailéasóch. Meastar go bhfuil gaol acu le raithneach síl, grúpa plandaí iontaisithe a bhí ceannasach sa tréimhse Thriasach. Fásann na stoic go mall, agus bíonn smúsach mór stáirseach ina gcroíleacáin a tháirgeann ság i gcuid de na speicis.[3]

Cur síos

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]
Comhdhuille de Zamia manicata le damáiste ó mianadóir duille.

Saintréith fásúil

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]

Is toir nó crainn iad na cíocáidí,[4] agus iad idir 0.25–[5]20 m ar airde.[6] Is éipifít é speiceas amháin.[7] Bíonn duilleoga móra, righin, cleiteach ag na cíocáidí i róiséad.[8] Bíonn fréamhacha crapthacha acu.[9]

Saintréith giniúnach

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]
Spóraifill baineann de Dioon edule
Na spóraifille fireanna an Encephalartos villosus

Is plandaí dé-éiciach iad na cíocáidí.[8] Is buaircíní iad na struchtúr atáirgthe.[10]

Tacsanomaíocht

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]

Rinne Friedrich von Berchtold agus Jan Svatopluk Presl cur síos ar an ord Cycadales sa bhliain 1820, bunaithe ar obair a rinne Christiaan Hendrik Persoon roimhe sin.[11][12] Is é Cycas L. an cineál tacsanomaíoch.[11] Tá thart ar 300–350 speiceas de cíocáid[8] i dhá fhine san ord Cycadales:[12]

Tá géineas amháin san fhine Cycadaceae Pers.:[13]

Tá 9 ghéineas sa fine Zamiaceae Horan.:[14]

Uaireanta cuirtear na géinis Stangeria agus Bowenia san fhine Stangeriaceae.[15] Níl an fhine seo monaifíléiteach agus tá sí iniata san fhine Zamiaceae.[16] Is comhchiallach í le Zamiaceae.[17]

Fíligineacht

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]

Léiríonn an crann fíliginiteach seo an gaol idir géinis de cíocáidí, bunaithe ar ADN an núicléis agus an clóraplast.[18]

Ginkgoales

Ginkgo

Cycadales
Cycadaceae

Cycas

Zamiaceae

Dioon

Bowenia

Stangeria

Ceratozamia

Microcycas

Zamia

Macrozamia

Lepidozamia

Encephalartos

Dáileadh agus gnáthóg

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]

Fásann cíocáidí sna trópaicí agus sna fo-thrópaicí.[19] Fásann cíocáidí i bhforaoisí fliucha báistí, i mbreacfhásaigh, i bhfásaigh, féarmhara, nó i bhforaoisí a bhíonn tirim go séasúrach.[20] Fásann speiceas amháin i mbogacha.[21]

Éiceolaíocht

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]
Leaganann féileacán Eumaeus atala uibheacha ar dhuilleog cíocáid.

Is iad na ciaróga a dhéanann pailniú ar na cíocáidí.[22] Mealltar na ciaróga chuig na buaircíní teirmigineach.[10] Déantar pailniú ar roinnt speiceas ag tripis nó ag leamhain.[23] Scaiptear síolta na cíocáidí ag an uisce agus ag ainmhithe.[19] I Meiriceá, is plandaí óstacha iad na cíocáidí do féileacáin de ghéineas Eumaeus.[24] Itheann an mianadóir duille Liriomyza schmidti duilleoga na cíocáidí.[25] Bíonn siombóis ag fréamhacha na cíocáidí le cianabaictéir den ghéineas Nostoc.[26]

Caomhantas

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]

Is plandaí faoi bhagairt iad na cíocáidí.[27][28] Tá roinnt speiceas imithe in éag sa nádúr.[29][30] Tá go leor speiceas i mbaol criticiúil.[31][32][33] Tá na cíocáidí cosanta faoin Coinbhinsiún maidir le Trádáil Idirnáisiúnta i Speicis Fána agus Flóra Fiáine i mBaol (CITES).[34]

Pailéaluibheolaíocht

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]
Duilleog cíocáid iontaiseach i Músaem Melbourne i Victoria, an Astráil

Fuarthas iontaisí cíocáidí ar gach mór-roinn, an Antartaice san áireamh.[35]

Saothrú

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]

Úsáidtear cíocáidí mar phlandaí ornáideacha i gceantair theomheasartha, fho-thrópaiceacha agus thrópaiceacha.[36] Is féidir na plandaí a iomadú fásúil.[37]

Tocsaineacht

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]

Is plandaí tocsaineacha iad na cíocáidí.[38] Tá substaint néarathocsaineach sna cíocáidí a d'fhéadfadh cur le forbairt galar néareolaíoch.[39]

Úsáid

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]

Úsáidtear síolta agus gais na gcíocáidí mar bhia.[34] Úsáidtear cíocáidí freisin mar phlandaí ornáideacha.[36]

Tagairtí

[cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse]
  1. ↑ Cycadales. (n.d.). The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved February 14, 2026, from https://www.conifers.org/zz/Cycadales.php
  2. ↑ Biswas, C., & Johri, B. M. (1997). Cycadales. In The Gymnosperms (pp. 44-81). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  3. ↑ Hussey, Matt (2011). "Cíocáid". Fréamh an Eolais. Coiscéim. p. 137.
  4. ↑ University of Florida. (n.d.). Cycads. Gardening Solutions. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/trees-and-shrubs/palms-and-cycads/cycads/
  5. ↑ Zamia pygmaea: The Pygmy Zamia. (2024, December 4). Guildford Cycads. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.guildfordcycads.com.au/zamia-pygmaea-the-pygmy-zamia/
  6. ↑ Queensland Government’s Department of Environment and Science. (n.d.). Cycads. Wet Tropics Management Authority. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.wettropics.gov.au/cycads
  7. ↑ Lavaud, S. (2023, May 25). Zamia pseudoparasitica care sheet. Cycadales. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://cycadales.eu/2023/05/25/zamia-pseudoparasitica-care-sheet/?lang=en
  8. 1 2 3 Cycads. (n.d.). Botanická Zahrada Praha. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://www.botanicka.cz/en/odborna-cinnost/plant-collections/cycads
  9. ↑ New paper explores the roots of Cycad growth. (2019, May 30). Montgomery Botanical Center. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.montgomerybotanical.org/publications/roots-of-cycad-growth/
  10. 1 2 Landau, E. (2025, December 11). These plants can heat themselves up—scientists finally know why. National Geographic.
  11. 1 2 Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.). Cycadales Pers. ex Bercht. & J. Presl. Tropicos. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/50324775
  12. 1 2 Cycadales Pers. ex Bercht. & J.Presl. (n.d.). WFO. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-9000000149;jsessionid=383D7A7766F6AE7C15389F1F30E61196
  13. ↑ Cycadaceae Pers. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126770-1
  14. ↑ Zamiaceae Horan. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003843-2
  15. ↑ The Stangeriaceae. (n.d.). University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved February 23, 2026, from https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/cycadophyta/stangeriaceae.html
  16. ↑ Rai, H. S. (2008). Molecular phylogenetic studies of the vascular plants (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia).
  17. ↑ United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Family Stangeriaceae Schimp. & Schenk. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). Retrieved February 23, 2026, from https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?id=1059
  18. ↑ Condamine, F. L., Nagalingum, N. S., Marshall, C. R., & Morlon, H. (2015). Origin and diversification of living cycads: a cautionary tale on the impact of the branching process prior in Bayesian molecular dating. BMC evolutionary biology, 15(1), 65.
  19. 1 2 Geelan-Small, P. (2025, October 30). Cycads – overlooked and now endangered. Australian Plants Society - NSW. Retrieved February 21, 2026, from https://resources.austplants.com.au/stories/cycads-overlooked-and-now-endangered/
  20. ↑ Mahr, S. (n.d.). Cycads. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved February 21, 2026, from https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/cycads/
  21. ↑ Calonje, M., Zárate-gómez, R. I. C. A. R. D. O., Jones, M. A., Segalla, R., Brañas, M. M., Pizango, C. G. H., & Alcázar, F. R. (2026). Zamia urarinorum (Cycadales, Zamiaceae), a new cycad species from wetland forests of Loreto, Peru. Phytotaxa, 741(1), 1-17.
  22. ↑ Simons, P. (2026, February 18). Plantwatch: oldest known seed plants heat up for sex to attract pollinating insects. The Guardian.
  23. ↑ Calonje, M., Kay, J., & Griffith, M. P. (2011). Propagation of cycad collections from seed: applied reproductive biology for conservation. Sibbaldia: The International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, (9), 79-96.
  24. ↑ Schneider, D., Wink, M., Sporer, F., & Lounibos, P. (2002). Cycads: their evolution, toxins, herbivores and insect pollinators. Naturwissenschaften, 89(7), 281-294.
  25. ↑ Chen, T., Dai, X., & Eiseman, C. (2022). A checklist of gymnosperm-feeding leafminers (Arthopoda, Insecta) in North America and Europe. Biodiversity Data Journal, 10, e91313.
  26. ↑ Lindblad, P. (2008). Cyanobacteria in Symbiosis with Cycads. In: Pawlowski, K. (eds) Prokaryotic Symbionts in Plants. Microbiology Monographs, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  27. ↑ Cycads. (2024, July 9). Endangered Wildlife Trust. Retrieved February 18, 2026, from https://ewt.org/resources/cycads/
  28. ↑ Donaldson, J.S. (ed.). (2003). Cycads. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 86 pp.
  29. ↑ Bösenberg, J.D. 2022. Encephalartos woodii (errata version published in 2023). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T41881A243434007. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T41881A243434007.en. Accessed on 21 February 2026.
  30. ↑ Bösenberg, J.D. 2022. Encephalartos relictus (errata version published in 2023). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T41764A243432097. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T41764A243432097.en. Accessed on 21 February 2026.
  31. ↑ Bösenberg, J.D. 2022. Zamia inermis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T42111A69833031. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T42111A69833031.en. Accessed on 21 February 2026.
  32. ↑ Nguyen, T.H. 2023. Cycas fugax. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T42039A68901336. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T42039A68901336.en. Accessed on 21 February 2026.
  33. ↑ Pérez-Farrera, M. & Vovides, A.P. 2022. Zamia grijalvensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T66910233A66910238. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T66910233A66910238.en. Accessed on 21 February 2026.
  34. 1 2 Rutherford, C., Donaldson, J., Hudson, A., McGough, H. N., Sajeva, M., Schippmann, U., & Tse-Laurence, M. (2013). CITES and Cycads: a user’s guide. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  35. ↑ Dykens, M., & Gillette, L. (n.d.). Cycads. San Diego Natural History Museum. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://www.sdnhm.org/exhibitions/fossil-mysteries/fossil-field-guide-a-z/cycads/
  36. 1 2 Tang, W. (1995). Handbook of Cycad Cultivation and Landscaping. United States: Honingklip.
  37. ↑ Broome, T. (1998). Never Throw Away a Cyacd. Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida (PACSOF). Retrieved February 22, 2026, from https://www-archiv.fdm.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cycads/neverthrowaway.htm
  38. ↑ Whiting, M. G. (1963). Toxicity of cycads. Economic Botany, 17(4), 270-302.
  39. ↑ Rivadeneyra-Domínguez, E., & Rodríguez-Landa, J. F. (2014). Cycads and their association with certain neurodegenerative diseases. Neurología (English Edition), 29(9), 517-522.
Aisghafa ó "https://ga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cíocáid&oldid=1301480"