An difríocht idir athruithe ar: "Oirialla"

Ón Vicipéid, an chiclipéid shaor.
Content deleted Content added
... ag aistriú
clib: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
... ag aistriú
clib: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Líne 1: Líne 1:
{{Glanadh-mar|ag aistriu go Gaeilge}}
{{Glanadh-mar|ag aistriu go Gaeilge}}
'''Oirialla''' (Sean-Ghaeilge: ''Airgíalla''<ref>(cf. ''Airgialla'', ''Uriel'', ''Orial'', ''Orgialla'', ''Orgiall'', ''Oryallia'', ''Ergallia'', srl.)</ref>), ríocht i g[[Cúige Uladh]] agus i g[[Cúige Laighean]], le naoi leas-ríocht:
<!--'''Oirialla''' (Sean-Ghaeilge: ''Airgíalla''<ref>(cf. ''Airgialla'', ''Uriel'', ''Orial'', ''Orgialla'', ''Orgiall'', ''Oryallia'', ''Ergallia'', srl.)</ref>), ríocht i g[[Cúige Uladh]] agus i g[[Cúige Laighean]], le naoi leas-ríocht:
# Uí Thuirtri;
# Uí Thuirtri;
# Uí Meic Cairthinn;
# Uí Meic Cairthinn;
Líne 13: Líne 13:
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|native_name =Airgíalla
|conventional_long_name = Oriel
|common_name = Ireland
|year_start = 331
|year_end = 1585
|life_span =
|date_start =
|date_end =
|event_start =
|event_end =
|p1 = Ulaid
|flag_p1 =
|s1 = Kingdom of Ireland
|flag_s1 = Arms of Ireland (Historical).svg
Www.wesleyjohnston.com-users-ireland-maps-historical-map1014.gif
|image_map_caption = Oriel before the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]]
|common_languages = [[Middle Irish]], [[Irish language|Early Modern Irish]], [[Latin]]
|government_type = [[Tanistry]]
|title_leader = [[Kings of Airgíalla|Rí]]
|leader1 = [[The Three Collas|Colla Uais]]
|leader1 = [[The Three Collas|Colla Uais]]
|year_leader1 = 331–''?''
|year_leader1 = 331–''?''
|leader2 = [[Rossa Buidhe Mac Mathghamhna]]
|leader2 = [[Rossa Buidhe Mac Mathghamhna]]
|year_leader2 = 1579–1585
|year_leader2 = 1579–1585
}}
}}-->
Ard-ríocht nó cúige i nÉirinn na meánaoise ab ea '''an tOirialla''' ([[Sean-Ghaeilge]] '''Airgíalla''', [[Béarla]] '''Oriel''') maraon le hainm na cónaidhme faoina bonn. Bhíodh naoú bhfo-ríocht sa chónaidhm, neamhspleách eatarthu féin ach gafa le chéile de bharr ardfhlaithiúnais ainmniúil tugtha do [[ríthe Éireann|rí ruire]], de ghnáth den rítheaghlach is cumhachtaí.<ref name="ConnollyPg12"/>


Ag barr a mhéide, b'ionann beagnach críocha Oiriall agus [[Deoisí Caitliceacha na hÉireann|deoisí]] [[Ard-Deoise Ard Mhacha|Ard Mhacha]] agus [[Deoise Chlochair|Clochair]], ina luí le codanna de [[Contaetha na hÉireann|chontaetha]] [[Contae Ard Mhacha|Ard Mhacha]], [[Contae Mhuineacháin|Mhuineachán]], [[Contae Lú|Lú]], [[Contae Fhear Manach|Fear Manach]], [[Contae Thír Eoghain|Tír Eoghain]] agus [[Contae Dhoire|Doire]].<ref name="ConnollyPg12"/> Ba iad a phríomhchathair ná Ard Mhacha agus [[Clochar]]. Faightear an t-ainm fós sa bhéaloideas i n-oirdheisceart na nUladh agus Contae Lú taobh leis.
''Ard-ríocht nó cúige i nÉirinn na meánaoise ab ea '''Oirialla''' ([[Sean-Ghaeilge]] '''Airgíalla''', [[Béarla]] '''Oriel''') maraon le hainm na cónaidhme faoina bonn. Bhíodh naoú bhfo-ríocht sa chónaidhm, neamhspleách eatarthu féin ach gafa le chéile de bharr ardfhlaithiúnais ainmniúil tugtha do [[ríthe Éireann|rí ruire]], de ghnáth den rítheaghlach is cumhachtaí.<ref name="ConnollyPg12"/>


[[Íomhá:Www.wesleyjohnston.com-users-ireland-maps-historical-map1014.gif|mion|lár|250px|An tOirialla roimh [[Ionradh na Normannach]]]]
''Airgíalla at its peak roughly matched the modern [[List of Catholic dioceses in Ireland|dioceses]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Armagh|Armagh]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Clogher|Clogher]], spanning parts of [[Counties of Ireland|counties]] [[County Armagh|Armagh]], [[County Monaghan|Monaghan]], [[County Louth|Louth]], [[County Fermanagh|Fermanagh]], [[County Tyrone|Tyrone]] and [[County Londonderry|Londonderry]].<ref name="ConnollyPg12"/> Its main towns were [[Armagh]] and [[Clogher]]. The name's usage survives as a cultural area of folk tradition in South East Ulster and adjoining areas of County Louth.


De réir an tseanchais, bunaíodh an tOirialla ag [[Colla Uais|na Trí Cholla]],<ref name="ConnollyPg12"/> '' who are said to have conquered what is now central [[Ulaidh]] from the ''[[Ulaid]]''. The decisive victory was the battle of [[Achaidh Leithdeircc|Achadh Leithdheirg]], said to have been fought around the year 331. However, this tale is thought to be mostly fiction, and the actual year and circumstances of how the Airgíalla confederation came about is unknown.
[[Íomhá:Www.wesleyjohnston.com-users-ireland-maps-historical-map1014.gif|mion|lár|250px|Oriel before the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]]]]


Originally thought to have been under the dominance of the neighbouring Ulaid to the east, the territory of the Airgíalla from the 6th century onwards was gradually eroded by the encroachment of their northern neighbours, the Cenél nEógain of the [[Uí Néill an Tuaiscirt]],<ref name="DuffyEncyclopediaPg14"/> as well as the [[Uí Néill an Deiscirt]] to their south. From 735 they fell under the dominance of the Cenél nEógain, and by 827 had become their vassals.<ref name="DuffyEncyclopediaPg14"/> The Ríocht an Oiriall was at its peak in the 12th century, under king [[Donnchad Ua Cerbaill]]. The later constricted kingdom of Oiriall survived in Monaghan under the [[McMahon|Mac Mathghamhna]], until the end of the [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic order in Ireland]].<ref name="ConnollyPg12"/>
According to legend, Airgíalla was founded by the [[Three Collas]],<ref name="ConnollyPg12"/> who are said to have conquered what is now central [[Ulster]] from the [[Ulaid]]. The decisive victory was the battle of [[Achaidh Leithdeircc|Achadh Leithdheirg]], said to have been fought around the year 331. However, this tale is thought to be mostly fiction, and the actual year and circumstances of how the Airgíalla confederation came about is unknown.

Originally thought to have been under the dominance of the neighbouring Ulaid to the east, the territory of the Airgíalla from the 6th century onwards was gradually eroded by the encroachment of their northern neighbours, the Cenél nEógain of the [[Northern Uí Néill]],<ref name="DuffyEncyclopediaPg14"/> as well as the [[Southern Uí Néill]] to their south. From 735 they fell under the dominance of the Cenél nEógain, and by 827 had become their vassals.<ref name="DuffyEncyclopediaPg14"/> The kingdom of Airgíalla was at its peak in the 12th century, under king [[Donnchad Ua Cerbaill]]. The later constricted kingdom of Airgíalla survived in Monaghan—which was known as Oirghialla and Oriel after the [[Norman Invasion of Ireland]]—under the [[McMahon|Mac Mathghamhna]], until the end of the [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic order in Ireland]].<ref name="ConnollyPg12"/>


==Sanasaíocht==
==Sanasaíocht==

Leagan ó 19:15, 6 Bealtaine 2020

Ard-ríocht nó cúige i nÉirinn na meánaoise ab ea an tOirialla (Sean-Ghaeilge Airgíalla, Béarla Oriel) maraon le hainm na cónaidhme faoina bonn. Bhíodh naoú bhfo-ríocht sa chónaidhm, neamhspleách eatarthu féin ach gafa le chéile de bharr ardfhlaithiúnais ainmniúil tugtha do rí ruire, de ghnáth den rítheaghlach is cumhachtaí.[1]

Ag barr a mhéide, b'ionann beagnach críocha Oiriall agus deoisí Ard Mhacha agus Clochair, ina luí le codanna de chontaetha Ard Mhacha, Mhuineachán, , Fear Manach, Tír Eoghain agus Doire.[1] Ba iad a phríomhchathair ná Ard Mhacha agus Clochar. Faightear an t-ainm fós sa bhéaloideas i n-oirdheisceart na nUladh agus Contae Lú taobh leis.

An tOirialla roimh Ionradh na Normannach

De réir an tseanchais, bunaíodh an tOirialla ag na Trí Cholla,[1] who are said to have conquered what is now central Ulaidh from the Ulaid. The decisive victory was the battle of Achadh Leithdheirg, said to have been fought around the year 331. However, this tale is thought to be mostly fiction, and the actual year and circumstances of how the Airgíalla confederation came about is unknown.

Originally thought to have been under the dominance of the neighbouring Ulaid to the east, the territory of the Airgíalla from the 6th century onwards was gradually eroded by the encroachment of their northern neighbours, the Cenél nEógain of the Uí Néill an Tuaiscirt,[2] as well as the Uí Néill an Deiscirt to their south. From 735 they fell under the dominance of the Cenél nEógain, and by 827 had become their vassals.[2] The Ríocht an Oiriall was at its peak in the 12th century, under king Donnchad Ua Cerbaill. The later constricted kingdom of Oiriall survived in Monaghan under the Mac Mathghamhna, until the end of the Gaelic order in Ireland.[1]

Sanasaíocht

Is dócha gurb é brí le Airgíalla ná "iad a thugann gialla ar láimh". Cuireann an -t-ainm i leith idir an Ríocht Oirialla agus an cónaidhm treibheanna a chruthaigh é.[1][3] I luath-lámhscríbhinní, tugadh Easpag Oirialla ar Easpag Chlochair.

Stair

Legendary origins

In the beginning of the 4th century, three warlike brothers, known as the Three Collas, made a conquest of a great part of Ulster, which they wrested from the Ulaid. It was the after the battle of Achadh Leithdheirg, fought c331, that they founded Airgialla.[4][5] In this battle the forces of the Three Collas defeated the forces of Fergus Foga, king of Ulster, who was slain, and the victors burned to the ground Emain Macha, the ancient capital of Ulaid.

However, in general it can be shown that the origin legend was written (or composed) in the second quarter of the 8th century to seal their alliance with the Northern Uí Néill.Teimpléad:Attribution needed

Historical emergence

The earliest reference to the Airgíalla occurs in the Annals of Tigernach under the year 677, where the death of Dunchad mac Ultan, " Oigriall", is noted. However, it is suspected of being a retrospective interpolation. On the other hand, the entry in the Annals of Ulster under the year 697 which lists Mael Fothataig mac Mael Dub as "Rex na nAirgialla" may indeed be genuine. Both Mael Fothatag and his son, Eochu Lemnae (died 704), are listed among the guarantors of the "Cáin Adomnáin" in 697. Thus it is believed that the Airgíalla were probably in existence as an entity by then, or certainly by the opening years of the 8th century.

8th–12th centuries

Teimpléad:Expand section

13th–16th centuries

Teimpléad:Expand section

Downfall of the Realm

Rossa Buidhe surrendered Airgíalla to Lord Deputy, John Perrot.

The Kingdom of Airgíalla came to an end in 1585 when Rossa Boy MacMahon agreed to surrender and regrant his territories to the English Crown in Ireland, with his territory becoming County Monaghan in the Tudor Kingdom of Ireland. Rossa Buidhe had ascended to the Airgíalla kingship in 1579 and found himself geopolitically in an undesirable position; wedged between an expanding Tudor kingdom and Tír Eoghain under the O'Neill. Initially, Rossa Boy made moves which suggested an alliance with Tír Eoghain, as he married the daughter of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone. However, evidently hoping to be left alone to run affairs locally, while pledging allegiance to a distant monarch in Elizabeth I, the MacMahon met with John Perrot, then Lord Deputy of Ireland (according to some, a natural son of Tudor monarch Henry VIII) and agreed to join their Kingdom of Ireland.[6] Airgíalla, now known as Monaghan, was divided into five baronies under native Gaelic chiefs, mostly from the MacMahon themselves.

This was not the end of the matter, however. Fearing the encroachment of the English, moving in closer and closer to his own territories, Hugh O'Neill turned to Brian Mac Hugh Og MacMahon of Dartree and married off another daughter to him. Brian Mac Hugh Og was then the tanist to the chieftainship of his people according to the native Brehon laws and O'Neill was hoping to bring the "phantom" Airgíalla realm back into his camp on the death of Rossa Buidhe through this pact. For his part, Ross Buidhe was trying to engineer a pro-English succession through his brother Hugh Roe MacMahon. When the new Lord Deputy, William FitzWilliam began to pressure the acceptance of an English High Sheriff of Monaghan, O'Neill used his influence to exact opposition to it from clansmen in Monaghan (the same policy was promoted in Leitrim, Fermanagh and Donegal to encircle Tyrone). As a consequence, a military force led by Henry Bagenal was sent into the county in early 1589 to impose the sheriff and by the summer of that year, Rossa Boy was dead.

Dreamanna

Airgíalla was composed of nine minor-kingdoms, each named after their ruling dynasty. These were:[2]

  1. Uí Tuirtri, also spelt as Uí Tuirtre, meaning "descendants of Tort". They were based east of the Sperrin Mountains in eastern County Londonderry and Tyrone. From 776, the Uí Thuirtri had moved east of the River Bann and into the over-kingdom of Ulaid, and by 919 they had lost all links to the Airgíalla.[2]
  2. Uí Maic Cairthinn, meaning "descendants of Cairthend". Based south of Lough Foyle in north-western County Londonderry.
  3. Uí Fiachrach Arda Sratha, meaning "descendants of Fiachrach of Ard Straw". Based at Ardstraw in modern-day County Tyrone. They became subject to the Cenél nEógain by the 12th-century, and expanded southwards into Fir Luírg, in County Fermanagh.[7]
  4. Uí Cremthainn, based in what is now parts of modern-day County Fermanagh, Monaghan, and Tyrone.
  5. Uí Méith, based in modern-day County Monaghan.
  6. Airthir, meaning "Easterners".[2] They were based around the city of Armagh, and held control of the offices of the church in Armagh, which had preeminence in Ireland.[2]
  7. Mugdorna, based in County Monaghan, however by the 12th-century had settled the territory of Bairrche, located in southern County Down, and named it after themselves.[8] Their name lives on as "Mourne", the present-day name for the area and the Mourne Mountains.[8]
  8. Fir Chraíbe, also known as the Fir na Chraíbe,[9] meaning "men of the branch". They were located west of the River Bann in north-eastern County Londonderry. By the 9th-century they were a subject-people of the Cenél nEógain.[9]
  9. Fir Lí, also known as the Fir Lee, meaning "people of Lí". They were located west of the River Bann in mid-eastern County Londonderry. By the 9th-century they were a subject-people of the Cenél nEógain.[9]
Early peoples in Ireland and the seven provinces as defined in the 11th-century Lebor na Cert (Book of Rights)

Uí Moccu Úais

The Uí Tuirtri, Uí Maic Cairthinn, and Uí Fiachrach Arda Sratha, were collectively known as the Uí Moccu Úais as they claimed descent from Colla Uais.[2] The pedigrees in the Book of Leinster states that Colla Uais had two sons, Erc and Fiachra Tort. From Fiachra Tort came the Uí Tuirtri. From Erc, came Cairthend and Fiachrach, who were respectively the ancestors of the Uí Maic Cairthinn and the Uí Fiachrach Arda Sratha. The Fir Lí are also claimed as being descended from Fiachra Tort, though other sources claim they descend from another son of Colla Uais called Faradach.

The Uí Moccu Uais were also found in counties Meath and Westmeath.[2] They were known as Uí Moccu Uais Midi and Uí Moccu Uais Breg, meaning the Uí Moccu Uais of Meath and Brega, respectively.

Féach freisin

Foinsí

  • "Oxford Companion to Irish History" (2007). Oxford University Press. 
  • "A New History of Ireland, II Medieval Ireland 1169-1534" (2008). Oxford University Press. 
  • Duffy, Seán (2005). "Medieval Ireland an Encyclopedia". Routledge. 
  • MacCaffrey, Wallace T (1994). "Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588-1603". Princeton University Press. 
  • Morgan, Hiram (1999). "Tyrone's Rebellion: The Outbreak of the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland". Boydell & Brewer. 
  • Palmer, William (1994). "The Problem of Ireland in Tudor Foreign Policy, 1485-1603". Boydell & Brewer. 
  • Smith, Brendan (1999). "Colonisation and Conquest in Medieval Ireland". Cambridge University Press. 
  • Warner, R. (1973–1974). "The Re-Provenancing of Two Important Penannular Brooches of the Viking Period". Ulster Journal of Archaeology 36-37: 58–70. Ulster Archaeological Society. 

Naisc sheachtracha

  • The Kingship and Landscape of Tara, eag. Edel Bhreathnach, 2005, ISBN 1-85182-954-7
  • Early Modern Ireland
  • The Three Collas
  • DNA of the Three Collas
  • "A Hidden Ulster" le Pádraigín Ní Ullacháin, 2003, Four Courts Press ISBN 1-85182-685-8 & ISBN 1-85182-738-2
  • "Songs From A Hidden Ulster", RTÉ Raidió 1, 2006, le Pádraigín Ní Ullacháin

Tagairtí

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Connolly, lch. 12.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Duffy, lch. 14.
  3. Duffy, lch. 13.
  4. John O'Donovan (1856). "Annala Rioghachta Éireann: Introductory remarks. Annals, to A.D. 902": 124–. Hodges, Smith, and Company. 
  5. Michael O'Cleary (1 March 2003). "The Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters Translated Into English by Owen Connellan": 3–. Irish Roots Cafe. 
  6. Tá ort na shonrú' 'teideal = agus' 'url = nuair a úsáideann {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  7. Cosgrove, p. .
  8. 8.0 8.1 Magoo - The Mughdorna
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Warner, lch. 60.