View source for Leabhar Dharú

{{WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}}

Is [[lámhscríbhinn dhathmhaisithe]] é ''' Leabhar Dharú,''' a théann siar go dtí c. 700, agus ann na ceithre [[Soiscéal]], agus as canúint Éireannach den [[Vulgáid]] i g[[cló na nOileán]].<ref name="m229">Moss (2014), lch. 229</ref>

Pléitear fós idir bunús agus dáta an leabhair.  Scríobhadh an leabhar i n[[Darú, Contae Uíbh Fhailí]] nó gar dó, suíomh bunaithe ag [[Colm Cille]] (c. 521-97).  Moladh tráth gur scríobhadh é in [[ríocht Northumbria|Northumbria]], áit le naisc freisin le Colm Cille.<ref name="on14">O'Neill (2014), lch. 14</ref><ref>De Paor (1977), 96</ref>

Tugann taifeadtaí stairiúla le fios go raibh an k lámhscríbhinn i Mainistir Dharú faoin mbliain 916, agus más fíor is ar cheann deasa saothair dá leithéid is luaite atá ann.<ref name="m229"/>  Tá an-chuid damáiste déanta dó thar na cianta.<ref name="m229"/>  Caomhnaítear anois é i [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide]] (TCD MS 57).<ref>{{lua idirlín |url=https://manuscripts.catalogue.tcd.ie/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=IE+TCD+MS+57&pos=1 |teideal=IE TCD MS 57 - Book of Durrow |foilsitheoir=Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide |dátarochtana=14ú Meán Fómhair 2018 |archivedate=2018-09-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914204756/https://manuscripts.catalogue.tcd.ie/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=IE+TCD+MS+57&pos=1 }}</ref>

[[Íomhá:BookDurrowQuoniam.jpg|mion|Fóilió on Leabhar]]

== Cúr síos ==

Is é an leabhar is sine dá leithéid atá ar marthain, céad bliain roimh [[Leabhar Cheanannais]].  Tá an sa téacs [[Soiscéal]]ta [[Soiscéal Mhatha|Mhatha]], [[Soiscéal Mharcais|Mharcais]], [[Soiscéal Lúcáis|Lúcáis]] and [[Soiscéal Eoin|Eoin]], chomh maith le tréithe ábhar eile agus [[táblaí canon tables]].  Tá 248 fóilió párpháipéir ann, 245 le 145&nbsp;mm at tomhas.  Tá an-chuid maisithe ann, same áireamh sé [[leathanach cairpéid]],<ref name="on14" /> ceithre [[abhatáir Soiscéalaí]] agus sé leathanach shuntasacha le téacs six maisithe.  Scríobhadh é le [[Cló na nOileán]].  Tá roinnt [[Lacuna (lámhscríbhinn)|lacunae]] ann.

Le imeacht ama, trí athchumhdú agus deisithe eile, tá athruithe tagtha ar ord na leathanach agus a méid.<!-- '' The page size has been reduced by subsequent rebindings, and most leaves are now single when unbound, where many or most would originally have been in "bifolia" or folded pairs.  It is clear that some pages have been inserted in the wrong places.<ref name="on14" /> The main significance of this is that it is unclear if there was originally a seventh carpet page.  Now Matthew does not have one, but there is, most unusually, one as the last page in the book.  Perhaps there were only ever six: one at the start of the book with a cross, one opposite the next page with the four symbols (as now), and one opposite each individual symbol at the start of each gospel.<ref>Meehan (1996), ll. 30-38</ref> Otherwise the original programme of illumination seems to be complete, which is rare in manuscripts of this age.--><ref name="on14" /><ref>Meehan (1996), ll. 30-38</ref>

== Stair ==
[[Íomhá:BookDurrowChiRoPage.jpg|mion|Leathanach le [[Chi-Rho]], Mhatha 1:18]]

Tá an leabhar ainmhithe as an mainistir ag [[Darú, Contae Uíbh Fhailí|Darú]], [[Contae Uíbh Fhailí]], bunaithe ag [[Colm Cille]] agus é níos sine agus ina abb [[Oileán Í]].  Meastar gur scríobhadh an leabhar ann timpeall na bliana 700.<ref name="on14">O'Neill (2014), lch. 14</ref>

Feictear sa cholafan nóta scriosta book (f. 247r) a mhaíonn gurbh é "Colm" an scríobhaí, an ó obair déanta aige in dhá lá dhéag.  Is léir b'fhéidir an t-am seo le haghaidh soiscéil ansin, ach ní ceithre cinn le maisiú.<ref>Meehan (1996), ll. 26-28, 2</ref>

Tá a fhios go deimhin gur choimisiúnaigh [[Flann Sinna]] (877-916), [[Ardrí na hÉireann]], [[cumhdach]] airgid don leabhar.<ref name="m29">Mitchell (1996), lch. 29</ref><ref name="on14" />  Is é an  an cumhdach is luaite a bhfuil aithne air, cé anois caillte.  Creidtear go raibh ann taise Cholm Cille.<ref>Mitchell (1996), ll. 28-29</ref>

Ar leathanach bán, tá nóta scríofa ag an scríobhaí ar Darú, [[Flannchad Ua hEolais]], tuairim is an bhliain 1100, maidir le cad dlí.<ref name="m29">Mitchell (1996), lch. 29</ref>

Tagann Leabhar Dharú tar éis an ''[[Gospel Book Fragment (Durham Cathedral Library, A. II. 10.)]]'' roimh [[Leabhar Lindisfarne]], a thosaíodh timpeall na bliana 700.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Lindisfarne Gospels: Society, Spirituality & the Scribe |last=Brown |first=Michelle |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2003 |location=Londain, The British Library}}</ref>

== Dathmhaisiú ==
[[Íomhá:Book of Durrow folio 192v.png|mion|left|''Leathanach cairpéid le hainmhithe fite fuaite ina chéile]]
Léiríonn dathmhaisiú an leabhair forbairt stíl na n-oileán.  Is léir, mar shampla, nach raibh taithí ag an maisitheoir agus é ag iarraidh duine daonna a tharraingt.  Tugtar "búcla ag siúl" ar a phríomh-iarraidh an Fear de Matha,<ref>Wilson, 34</ref> agus cuirtear éi gcomortaisi le fíor chré-umha le feiceáil ar buicéad as an Iorua.<ref>Meehan (1996), lch. 53 & maisiú lch. 35</ref>

Tá vvv na n-ainmhithe fréamhaithe ó phatrúin mhíolchruthacha Gearmánacha agus íomhámná Íosa agus na Soiscéalaithe ó [[Cloch Chruithneach|clocha Cruithneacha]].  Is ionann méid na crosfhí agus an ''Durham fragment'', 'sé sin, níos mó ná [[Leabhar Lindisfarne]].  Is é i Leabhar Dharú a fheictear tús le borradh na maisithe Ceilteacha i leabhair na n-oileán.
<!--
'' The page has animal interlace around the sides that is drawn from Germanic [[Migration Period]] [[Animal Style]] II, as found for example in the Anglo-Saxon jewellery at [[Sutton Hoo]], and on the [[Benty Grange hanging bowl]].  But the circular panel in the centre seems, although not as precisely as other parts of the book, to draw on Celtic sources, although the three white circles at the edge recall Germanic metalwork studs in enamel or other techniques.-->

Baineann Leabhar Dharú leas as an scéime réamh-[[Vulgáid]] / [[Naomh Iaróm]] le haghaidh abhatáir na soiscéalaithe – fear do [[Matha Soiscéalaí|Mhatha]], [[iolar]] do [[Marcas Soiscéalaí|Mheascadh]] (ní an leon), [[lao]] do [[Lúcás Soiscéalaí|Lúcás]] agus [[leon]] d'[[Eoin Soiscéalaí|Eoin]] (ní an t-iolar).  Tar éis gach leathanach soiscéalaí seachas Matha, tá leathanach cairpéid agus ansin leathanach túslitreach.  B'fhéidir gur caillte é an leathanach ar iarraidh, nó is é go deimhin fóilió 3 mar atá inniu.<!--  Where the four symbols appear together on folio 2r they appear in the normal order if read clockwise, and in the pre-Vulgate order if read anti-clockwise, which may be deliberate.--><ref>Meehan (1996), ll. 43-44</ref>

Tá gach túslitir méadaithe agus maisithe, agus tá poncanna thart timpeall na litreacha a leanann í. <!--Parallels with metalwork can be noted in the rectangular body of St Matthew, which looks like a [[millefiori]] decoration, and in details of the carpet pages.

There is a sense of space in the design of all the pages of the Book of Durrow.  Open [[vellum]] balances intensely decorated areas. Animal interlace of very high quality appears on fóilió 192v.  -->I measc móitífeanna eile, tá bíseanna, [[tríchosóga]], trilseáin ribín agus snaidhmeanna ciorclacha sna leathanaigh chairpéid agus sna himill thart timpeall na soiscéalaithr.

=== Abhatáir na soiscéalaithe ===
<gallery widths="180" heights="200" perrow="4">
Íomhá:Meister des Book of Durrow 001.jpg|An Fear de [[Matha Soiscéalaí|Mhatha]] (fóilió 21v)
Íomhá:BookDurrowOx.jpg|An Damh de [[Lúcás Soiscéalaí|Lúcás]] (fóilió 124v)
Íomhá:BookOfDurrowLion.jpg|An Leon, anseo d'[[Eoin Soiscéalaí|Eoin]] (fóilió 191v)<!-- is ceart é seo, féach an téacs -->
Íomhá:BookDurrowEagle.jpg|An tIolar, anseo de [[Marcas Soiscéalaí|Mharcas]] (fóilió 84v)
</gallery>

=== Leathanaigh cairpéid ===
<gallery widths="180px" heights="220px" perrow="4">
Íomhá:BookDurrowCarpetPage.jpg|Fóilió 85v
Íomhá:BookDurrowCarpetPage5.jpg|Fóilió 125v
Íomhá:DurrowFol001vCarpetPage.jpg|Fóilió 1v (le pollta)
Íomhá:BookDurrowCarpetPage2.png|Fóilió ?
</gallery>

== Caomhnú ==
Le dúnadh na mainistreach sa 16ú haois, glacadh seilbh príobháideach ar an leabhar.  Fuair [[James Ussher]] ar iasacht é agus rinne staidéar air, is dúchas agus é ina [[easpag na Mí]] ón mbliain 1621 go dtí 1623.  Tháinig an leabhar slán in ainneoin roinnt eachtraí, san áireamh feirmeoir éigin a chuir in uisce é chun uisce coisricthe a dhéanamh chun a bha a leigheasadh.

Am éigin idir na blianta 1661 go dtí 1682, thug easpag na Mí [[Henry Jones (bishop)|Henry Jones]] an leabhar úd agus [[Leabhar Cheanannais]] don leabharlann i Coláiste na Tríonóide.  Cailleadh idir an cumhdach agus an  clúdach le linn forghabhálacha sa bhliain 1689.<ref>Meehan (1996), ll. 13-16</ref><ref name="on14" />.  Feictear cur síos ar an gcumhdach i nóta scríofa sa bhliain 1677, ar fhóilió IIv anois.<ref>Meehan (1996), lch. 13</ref>

== Foinsí ==
* Calkins, Robert G. ''Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages''. Ithaca, Nua-Eabhrac: Cornell University Press, 1983.
* De Paor, Liam. "The Christian Triumph: The Golden Age".
* Meehan, Bernard. ''The Book of Durrow: A Medieval Masterpiece at Trinity College Dublin'', 1996, Town House, Baile Átha Cliath, {{ISBN|1-57098-053-5}}
* Mitchell, Perette. "The Inscriptions on Pre-Norman Irish Reliquaries". ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature'', imleabhar 96C, ui. 1, 1996. JSTOR 25516156
* [[Rachel Moss (staraí ealaíne)|Moss, Rachel]]. ''Medieval c. 400—c. 1600: Art and Architecture of Ireland''. Londain: Yale University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|978-03-001-7919-4}}
* &mdash;, ''The Book of Durrow''. Baile Átha Cliath: Trinity College Library; Londain: Thames and Hudson, 2018. ISBN 978-0-5002-9460-4
* Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book illumination in the British Isles 600-800''. Chatto & Windus, Londain;  Nua-Eabhrac: George Braziller, 1977
* O'Neill, Timothy. ''The Irish Hand: Scribes and Their Manuscripts From the Earliest Times''. Corcaigh: Cork University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-7820-5092-6}}
* [[David M. Wilson|Wilson, David M.]], ''Anglo-Saxon Art: From The Seventh Century To The Norman Conquest'', Thames and Hudson; SAM  Overlook Press, 1984
* Soderberg, John. "A Lost Cultural Exchange: Reconsidering the Bologna Shrine's Origin and Use". ''Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium'', imleabhar 13, 1993. JSTOR 20557263
* Walther, Ingo. ''Codices Illustres''. Berlin: Taschen Verlag, 2014. ISBN 978-3-8365-5379-7

==Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.tcd.ie/library/exhibitions/durrow/ Taispeántas ar líne], , Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide
*[https://manuscripts.catalogue.tcd.ie/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=IE+TCD+MS+57&pos=1 Iontráil catalóige] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914204756/https://manuscripts.catalogue.tcd.ie/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=IE+TCD+MS+57&pos=1 |date=2018-09-14 }}, Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide
*[https://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/concern/works/wm117t53k?locale=en Digitithe], Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide
*[http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/manuscripts/durrow.html Iontráil catalóige] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050412085925/http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/manuscripts/durrow.html |date=2005-04-12 }}, University of North Carolina
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/113771/rec/1 Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.], Metropolitan Museum of Art; Book of Durrow (cat. no. 27)

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Lámhscríbhinní Gaelacha na Meánaoise]]
[[Catagóir:Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide]]
[[Catagóir:10ú haois in Éirinn]]