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Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Réigiúin

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Ceanntásc

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(an t)Údarás um..., (an) G(h)níomhaireacht um... (an) Comhbheartas Talmhaíochta. Cé acu sa teideal?

Féach:

Réigiún

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Réigiúin Réigiúin NUTS
Réigiúin na hÉireann:
  • (A) Tuaisceart
  • (B) Iarthar
  • (C) Iardheisceart
  • (D) Oirdheisceart
  • (E) Oirthear [BÁC]
  • (F) Lár na Tíre (Éire)
 Réigiúin NUTS 3 na hÉireann:

Acrainm

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Comhlachtaí

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  1. European Investment Bank - Banc Eorpach Infheistíochta
  2. European University Institute - Institiúid Ollscoile Eorpach
  3. Unified Patent Court - Cúirt Aontaithe na bPaitinní
  4. European Ombudsman - an tOmbudsman Eorpach
  5. European Data Protection Supervisor - Maoirseoir Eorpach um Chosaint Sonraí
  6. Political and Security Committee - Coiste Polaitiúil agus Slándála
  7. European Union Military Committee - Coiste Míleata an Aontais Eorpaigh

Gníomhaireachtaí

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  1. European Union Intellectual Property Office - Oifig Maoine Intleachtúla an Aontais Eorpach (1994)
  2. European Medicines Agency - Gníomhaireacht Leigheasra Eorpach (1995)
  3. European Food Safety Authority - an tÚdarás um Shábháilteachta Bia (2002)
  4. European Union Agency for the Space Programme - Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um an gClár Spáis (2004)
  5. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control - An Lárionad Eorpach um Chosc agus Rialú Galar (2004)
  6. European Fisheries Control Agency - Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um Rialú ar Iascach (2006)
  7. European Chemicals Agency - Gníomhaireacht Eorpach Ceimiceán (2007)

Margadh aonair na hEorpa

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Is é margadh aonair na hEorpa nó an margadh inmheánach Eorpach[1] (Béarla: European single market, European internal market nó European common market) an margadh aonair le baill ann go príomha na 27 ballstát den Aontas Eorpach (AE). le héisteachtaí áirithe, tá an fosta an Íoslainn, Lichtinstéin, an Iorua (tríd an Limistéar Eorpach Eacnamaíoch), agus an Eilvéis (trí chonarthaí déthaobhacha).

Deimhníonn an margadh aonair saorghluaiseacht earraí, caipitil, seirbhísí agus daoine, aitheanta le chéile mar cheithre shaoirse an Aontais Eorpaigh.[2][3][4][5] Déantar seo le rialacha agus caighdeáin chomónta atá ina gceangal dlí ar gach ballstát.

The market is intended to increase iomaíocht, labour specialisation, and barainneachtaí scála, allowing goods and tosca táirgeachta to move to the area where they are most valued. It is also intended to drive economic integration into a single EU-wide economy.[6] The creation of the internal market as a seamless, single market[7] isongoing, with the integration of the service industry still containing gaps.[8] According to a 2019 estimate, because of the single market, the GDP of member countries is on average 9 percent higher without it.[9]

Any tír is iarrthóir are required to make association agreements with the EU during the negotiation, which must be implemented prior to accession. [10] I dteannta sin, trí Limistéir Domhain Cuimsitheach Saorthrádála (LDCST / DCFTA) leis an AE, bronnadh rochtain teoranta ar an Seoirsia, ar Moldóiv agus ar an Úcráin chuid an margadh aonair in earnálacha áirithe.[11] Tá roinnt rochtana ag an Tuirc a bhuí leis an Aontas Custaim idir an tAontas Eorpach agus an Tuirc.[12] The United Kingdom left the European single market on 31 December 2020. A Brexit was reached between the UK Government and European Commission to align Tuaisceart Éireann on rules for goods with the European single market, to maintain an open border ar oileán na hÉireann.[13]

== Tagairtí

  1. ↑ "Téarma: margadh aonair na hEorpa, an margadh inmheánach Eorpach". IATE. Dáta rochtana: 09-02-2026.
  2. ↑ "General policy framework". ec.europa.eu (2014-10-30). Dáta rochtana: 2014-12-01.
  3. ↑ "The European Single Market". Europa web portal. Dáta rochtana: 28ú Bealtaine 2016.
  4. ↑ "Internal Market". an Coimisiún Eorpach. Dáta rochtana: 17ú Meitheamh 2015.
  5. ↑ Barnard, Catherine. "Competence Review: The Internal Market". Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. Dáta rochtana: 17ú Meitheamh 2015.
  6. ↑ "A Single Market for goods". Coimisiún Eorpach. Europa web portal. Dáta rochtana: 27ú Meitheamh 2007.
  7. ↑ "Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economc and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A Common European Sales Law to facilitate Cross-Border Transactions in the Single Market". EUR-Lex. Dáta rochtana: 09-02-2026.
  8. ↑ European Commission, Completing the Single Market, archived on 17 February 2012
  9. ↑ in ’t Veld, Jan (2019). "The economic benefits of the EU Single Market in goods and services". Journal of Policy Modeling 41 (5): 803–818. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2019.06.004.
  10. ↑ "Association agreement". ec.europa.eu. Dáta rochtana: 2024-06-25.
  11. ↑ The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area What's it all about?. European External Action Service. Curtha i gcartlann 13 Nollaig 2016 ar an Wayback Machine.
  12. ↑ "Decision No 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union".
  13. ↑ "Brexit Agreement". Coimisiún Eorpach.

An tÚdarás Eorpach um Shábháilteacht Bia

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Bosca Sonraí EagraíochtaMarcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Réigiúin

| headquarters = Parma, Italy | keydocument1 = Regulation (EC) No 178/2002

The an tÚdarás Eorpach um Shábháilteacht Bia (UESB) (Béarla: European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain.[1][2] EFSA was established in February 2002 in Parma, Italy. It had a yearly budget of €118.6 million, and a total staff of 542 as of 2021.[3]

The work of EFSA covers all matters with a direct or indirect impact on food and feed safety, including animal health and welfare, plant protection and plant health and nutrition. EFSA supports the European Commission, the European Parliament and EU member states in taking effective and timely risk management decisions that ensure the protection of the health of European consumers and the safety of the food and feed chain. EFSA also communicates to the public in an open and transparent way on all matters within its remit.

== Structure the EFSA is composed of four bodies:[2]

  • Management Board[4]
  • Executive Director
  • Advisory Forum
  • Scientific Committee and Scientific Panels

The Management Board sets the budget, approves work programmes, and is responsible for ensuring that EFSA co-operates successfully with partner organisations across the EU and beyond. It is composed of fourteen members appointed by the Council of the European Union in consultation with the European Parliament from a list drawn up by the European Commission, plus one representative of the European Commission.

The Executive Director is EFSA's legal representative and is responsible for day-to-day administration, drafting and implementing work programmes, and implementing other decisions adopted by the Management Board. They are appointed by the Management Board.

The Advisory Forum advises the Executive Director, in particular in drafting a proposal for the EFSA's work programmes. It is composed of representatives of national bodies responsible for risk assessment in the Member States, with observers from Norway, Iceland, Switzerland and the European Commission.

The Scientific Committee and its Scientific Panels provide scientific opinions and advice, each within their own sphere of competence, and are composed of independent scientific experts. The number and names of the Scientific Panels are adapted in the light of technical and scientific development by the European Commission at EFSA's request. The independent scientific experts are appointed by the Management Board upon a proposal from the Executive Director for three-year terms.

== Focal Point network The EFSA cooperates with the national food safety authorities of the 27 EU member states, Iceland and Norway, as well as observers from Switzerland and EU candidate countries, through its Focal Points, who also communicate with research institutes and other stakeholders. They "assist in the exchange of scientific information and experts, advise on cooperation activities and scientific projects, promote training in risk assessment and raise EFSA's scientific visibility and outreach in Member States."[5]

The following countries' national food safety authorities are members of the EFSA Focal Point network:[6]

Country Food safety authority
Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety [de] (AGES)
Federal Public Service (FPS) Health Food Chain Safety and Environment
Risk Assessment Center on Food Chain – Bulgarian Food Safety Agency
Croatian Food Agency (HAH)
Ministry of Health – The State General Laboratory
Czech Agriculture and Food Inspection Authority [cs] (SZPI, CAFIA)
National Food Institute [da]
Ministry of Agriculture – Food Safety Department
Finnish Food Authority (Ruokavirasto)
French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES)
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)
Hellenic Food Authority [el] (ΕΦΕΤ, EFET)
National Food Chain Safety Office (Nébih/NFCSO)
The Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority (MAST)
Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI)
Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS)
Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR"
State Food and Veterinary Service
Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health
Malta Competition and Consumer Affairs Authority
Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority [nl] (NVWA)
Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM)
State Sanitary Inspection [pl] (PIS) – primary focal point;
Veterinary Inspection [pl] (IW) – accessory focal point
Economic and Food Safety Authority (ASAE)
National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food
Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN)
Swedish National Food Agency

The following countries' national food safety authorities are observers of the EFSA Focal Point network:[6]

Country Food safety authority
National Food Authority
Food Safety Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Food and Veterinary Agency
Administration for Food Safety, Veterinary, and Phytosanitary Affairs
Food and Veterinary Agency
Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection
Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) – Risk assessment division
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

== Iriseán The scientific output of the European Food Safety Authority is published in the EFSA Journal, an open-access, online scientific journal. This concerns risk assessment in relation to food and feed and includes nutrition, animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection.[7]

== Criticism The EFSA has been criticised for its alleged "overregulation".[8]

=== Conflicts of interests The EFSA has been criticised, including by the European Court of Auditors in 2012,[9] for "frequent conflicts of interests",[10][11][12][13][14][15] some of them undeclared.[16][17] A number of undisclosed conflicts of interest involved the International Life Sciences Institute.[16]

According to Corporate Europe Observatory, in 2013, 58% of the experts of the agency were in situation of conflict of interests.[18] In 2017, they were still 46% in situation of conflict of interests.[18]

=== Bisphenol A EFSA has also been criticised by the NGO CHEM Trust for misrepresenting the results of their expert committee's report on bisphenol A (BPA) in January 2015. EFSA claimed in the abstract, press release and briefing that bisphenol A 'posed no risk' to health, when the expert report actually stated the risk was 'low' when considering aggregate exposure (beyond just food).[19] EFSA later modified the abstract to correct this error,[20] though the press release remains unchanged.[21] EFSA have argued that use of 'no health concern' in their press release and bisphenol A briefing is to ensure these materials are accessible, though this rationale is disputed by CHEM Trust.[22]

== Féach freisin

== Naisc sheachtracha

== Tagairtí

  1. ↑ "How the European Union works" Curtha i gcartlann 2006-06-20 ar an Wayback Machine, booklet made by the European Commission
  2. 1 2 Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety
  3. ↑ Single Programming Document 2021–2023, Adopted 17 December 2020
  4. ↑ Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  5. ↑ Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."". EFSA website.
  6. 1 2 Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."". EFSA website.
  7. ↑ Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  8. ↑ "Case Study: The EU-US Dispute over Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms, Plants, Feeds, and Foods" (June 2010). International Dimensions of Ethics Education in Science and Engineering (9).
  9. ↑ European Court of Auditors, 2012, Management of conflict of interest in selected EU Agencies; Special Report no 15 2012 Curtha i gcartlann 2012-11-12 ar an Wayback Machine; ISBN 978-92-9237-876-9; doi:10.2865/21104, PDF, 106 pp
  10. ↑ Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  11. ↑ "Unhappy meal. The European Food Safety Authority's independence problem", Corporate Europe Observatory
  12. ↑ Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  13. ↑ Title:"Europe : le lobby OGM infiltré à la tête de la sécurité alimentaire" Curtha i gcartlann 2013-06-17 ar an Wayback Machine, Libération, 29 septembre 2010
  14. ↑ Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  15. ↑ Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  16. 1 2 Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  17. ↑ « L'EFSA perd un peu plus de crédibilité » Curtha i gcartlann 2012-03-13 ar an Wayback Machine, presseurop.eu, juin 2011
  18. 1 2 Stéphane Horel (2018). "Lobbytomie : comment les lobbies empoisonnent nos vies et la démocratie" (as fr). La Découverte.
  19. ↑ Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  20. ↑ Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  21. ↑ Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  22. ↑ Tá ort na hargóintí 'teideal =' agus 'url =' a shonrú nuair a úsáideann tú {{ lua idirlín}}."".

Eile

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  1. Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations - Údarás um Páirtithe Polaitiúla Eorpacha agus um Fondúireachtaí Polaitiúla Eorpacha (2016)
  2. Agency for Support for BEREC - Gníomhaireacht Tacaíochta BEREC (2009)
  3. EU-CyCLONe - EU-CyCLONe (2020)

Tíreolaíocht

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Réigiún na Teorann

=== Geografaíocht fhisiceach

Eas Ghleann an Chairthe, Liatroim

The region encompasses the entire northwest coast of Ireland along the an tAigéan Atlantach. Two of Ireland's longest rivers, an tSionainn and the an Éirne, agus an Uiscebhealach na Sionainne is na hÉirne eatarthu. Cavan and Monaghan in the east of the region are characterized by a drumlin landscape, with hundreds of loughs interspersed between. Loch Aillionn in Leitrim is the region's largest lake, at 35 km2.

The west of the region, from Teallach Eathach, County Cavan, to the Atlantic coast is largely rocky and mountainous, with coastal cliffs but also beaches in counties Sligo, Donegal and Leitrim. Leitrim has the smallest coastline of any county, at just 5 km in length, while Donegal has the longest, at 1,134 km.

=== Foraoiseacht there is a total of 130,345 ha of forest and woodland cover in the Border Region, equating to 11.3% of the region's land area, the national average.[1]

Traditionally, the region had a very low cover forest and planting schemes were undertaken by the Department of Agriculture or comhlachtaí státurraithe such as Coillte. County Leitrim is now Ireland's most forested county at 18.9% forest cover. However, over 50% of Leitrim's forests are in private ownership.[2]

=== Aeráid Under Aicmiú aeráide Köppen, the region experiences a maritime aeráid mheasartha aeráid aigéanach, meaning cool winters, mild humid summers, and a lack of temperature extremes. Summer daytime temperatures range between 15°C agus 22°C, rarely going beyond 25°C. While the region generally experiences mild winters, upland areas typically have snow. Humidity is high year round and rainfall ranges from ~1,250 mm (Marcréidh, Sligeach) to ~1,000 mm (Béal Átha hÉis, Cabhán), evenly distributed throughout the year. [3]

=== Geolaíocht

Binn Ghulbain, Contae Shligigh

There are many large mountain ranges and high sea cliffs in the region, such as the Sléibhte Dhoire Bheatha, Sliabh Liag, the Binn Chuilceach agus Binn Ghulbain. The region is generally underlain by an tOrdaivíseach and an Siolúrach sceallaí agus gréabhacaí, laid down 417-495 million years ago. These are found in eastern Cavan and Monaghan. The bedrock of western Cavan, Leitrim and Sligo is composed mostly of carbónmhar limestones that were laid roughly 355 million years ago. However, a 1.5 billion year old narrow strip of metamorphosed gneisses extend across Sligo near Sliabh Gamh.[4][5]

County Donegal has one of the most complex geologies in Ireland. Much of the county is underlain by Réamhchaimbriach gneiss, schist and quartzite, laid down during the Grenvillian Orogeny 700 million years ago. The Border Region's highest point, An Earagail, at 751 m, is composed of Precambrian quartzite.

Ireland's oldest rocks, laid down 1.78 billion years ago, are found on the island of Inis Trá Tholl.[6] Inis Trá Tholl is Ireland's most northerly island, located approximately 10 km north of Cionn Mhálanna, mainland Ireland's most northerly point.

Loch Súilí in Donegal is one of Ireland's three fjords.

Buntásc

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  1. ↑ Earráid leis an lua: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named govagri2017
  2. ↑ Earráid leis an lua: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named govagri2006
  3. ↑ Earráid leis an lua: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named metclimate
  4. ↑ Earráid leis an lua: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named geocavan
  5. ↑ Earráid leis an lua: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named geosligo
  6. ↑ Earráid leis an lua: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named gsi
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